• Profuse salivation, colic and diarrhoea  are followed by muscle  tremors, stiffness progressing to paralysis. At this stage cattle show marked depression  with  increasing severity of colic, sweating and breathing difficulties followed rapidly by death.

Treatment and control

Atropine sulphate (0.1 mg/kg injected slowly intravenously followed by 0.4 mg/kg injected subcutaneously) is repeated as necessary.