Notifiable diseases (UAE)

You just need to enlist the diseases but I have added some context that might help with other short questions)

List of Notifiable Diseases Stated by Federal Law No. 8 of 2013 Regarding the Prevention and

Control of Contagious and Epidemic Animal Diseases

Viral Diseases

• 1. African Horse Sickness
  • African Horse Sickness is a highly contagious, often fatal disease of Equidae caused by the African horse sickness virus, an orbivirus. It is transmitted primarily by Culicoides spp. midges. The disease is characterized by high fever, respiratory distress, swelling of the head and neck, and sudden death. Diagnosis is based on clinical signs, virus isolation, PCR, and serological assays. Control measures include vector control, quarantine of infected animals, and vaccination where available. This disease does not typically present a significant zoonotic concern.
• 2. Equine Encephalomyelitis
  • Equine Encephalomyelitis encompasses a group of viral diseases caused by Eastern, Western, and Venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses, which are alphaviruses transmitted by mosquitoes (Culex and Aedes species). These diseases are characterized by sudden onset of fever, neurological signs such as incoordination, ataxia, seizures, and sometimes death. Diagnosis is based on clinical signs, serology, PCR, and virus isolation. Control involves mosquito control, vaccination of susceptible horse populations, and minimizing exposure to vectors. These diseases are not considered zoonotic.
• 3. Equine Viral Arteritis
  • Equine Viral Arteritis is a contagious, acute viral disease of horses caused by the Equine Viral Arteritis virus, an arterivirus. It is transmitted via respiratory secretions, venereal routes, and contaminated fomites. The disease is characterized by fever, nasal discharge, conjunctivitis, edema of the head and neck, and abortion in pregnant mares. Diagnosis is based on serological tests, PCR, and virus isolation. Control measures include isolation of infected animals, vaccination of stallions to eliminate carrier status, and biosecurity practices. Equine Viral Arteritis is not zoonotic.
• 4. Equine Infectious Anaemia
  • Equine Infectious Anaemia (EIA) is a chronic, contagious disease of horses caused by the Equine Infectious Anaemia virus (EIAV), a retrovirus. It is transmitted primarily by biting flies such as Tabanidae and Stomoxys spp. The disease presents in acute, chronic, or inapparent forms, characterized by intermittent fever, anemia, swelling of lymph nodes, weight loss, and in severe cases, death. Diagnosis is based on serological tests like the Coggins test (agar gel immunodiffusion) and PCR. Control involves testing and culling of infected animals, insect control, and movement restrictions. EIA does not present a zoonotic concern.
• 5. Equine Influenza
  • Equine Influenza is a highly contagious respiratory disease of horses caused by equine influenza virus (EIV), an orthomyxovirus. It is transmitted through respiratory droplets and fomites. The disease is characterized by sudden onset of high fever, coughing, nasal discharge, lethargy, and loss of appetite. Diagnosis is based on clinical signs, virus isolation, PCR, and serology. Control measures include vaccination, quarantine of affected horses, and strict biosecurity practices to prevent spread. Equine Influenza is not zoonotic.
• 6. Equine Rhinopneumonitis
  • Equine Rhinopneumonitis, also known as Equine Herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) infection, is a contagious respiratory disease of horses caused by EHV-1, a herpesvirus. It is transmitted via respiratory secretions and direct contact. The disease is characterized by fever, nasal discharge, coughing, neurological signs (in cases of neurological form), abortion in pregnant mares, and sometimes sudden death. Diagnosis is based on clinical signs, PCR, virus isolation, and serology. Control involves vaccination, isolation of infected animals, and biosecurity measures. EHV-1 can occasionally infect humans, but it is not considered a significant zoonotic threat.
• 7. Japanese Encephalitis (Zoonotic)
  • Japanese Encephalitis is a viral zoonotic disease caused by the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a flavivirus. It is transmitted by Culex mosquitoes, primarily Culex tritaeniorhynchus. The disease affects horses, pigs, and humans, with horses serving as dead-end hosts. It is characterized by acute fever, neurological signs such as ataxia, seizures, paralysis, and sometimes death. Diagnosis is based on clinical signs, serology (IgM antibodies), PCR, and virus isolation. Control measures include mosquito control, vaccination of horses and pigs, and public health interventions to reduce human infections. Japanese Encephalitis is a significant zoonotic concern, causing severe neurological disease in humans.
• 8. West Nile Fever (Zoonotic)
  • West Nile Fever is a viral zoonotic disease caused by the West Nile virus (WNV), a flavivirus. It is transmitted by Culex mosquitoes, primarily Culex pipiens. The disease affects birds, horses, and humans, with birds being the primary reservoirs. It is characterized by fever, neurological signs such as ataxia, weakness, paralysis, and in severe cases, death. Diagnosis is based on clinical signs, serology (IgM antibodies), PCR, and virus isolation. Control involves mosquito control, vaccination of horses, and public health measures to prevent human infections. West Nile Fever poses a significant zoonotic risk, potentially causing severe neurological disease in humans.
• 9. Vesicular Stomatitis
  • Vesicular Stomatitis is a viral, contagious disease affecting cattle, horses, and pigs, caused by Vesicular Stomatitis virus (VSV), a rhabdovirus. It is transmitted through biting flies, fomites, and direct contact. The disease is characterized by vesicles in the mouth, tongue, teats, and coronary bands, along with fever, lameness, and decreased milk production. Diagnosis is based on clinical signs, virus isolation, PCR, and serology. Control measures include quarantine, movement restrictions, vector control, and disinfection of contaminated premises. Vesicular Stomatitis does not present a zoonotic concern but is significant due to its clinical similarity to other vesicular diseases like Foot and Mouth Disease.
• 10. Rabies(Zoonotic)
  • Rabies is an acute, fatal viral zoonotic disease caused by the Rabies virus, a lyssavirus. It is transmitted through the saliva of infected animals via bites or scratches. The disease affects all warm-blooded animals, including humans. Rabies is characterized by neurological signs such as agitation, hydrophobia, paralysis, and coma, leading to death if untreated. Diagnosis is confirmed through direct fluorescent antibody testing, PCR, and serology. Control involves vaccination of animals, post-exposure prophylaxis in humans, and public education on preventing exposure. Rabies is a significant zoonotic concern, causing fatal encephalitis in humans.
• 11. Foot and Mouth Disease
  • Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease affecting cloven-hoofed animals, caused by the Foot and Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV), an aphthovirus. It is transmitted through aerosols, direct contact, fomites, and contaminated feed. The disease is characterized by fever, vesicles in the mouth and on the feet, lameness, drooling, and decreased milk production. Diagnosis is based on clinical signs, virus isolation, PCR, and serology. Control measures include vaccination, movement restrictions, quarantine, culling of infected and exposed animals, and strict biosecurity practices. FMD is not considered zoonotic but has severe economic implications due to trade restrictions and production losses.
• 12. Lumpy Skin Disease
  • Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) is a viral disease of cattle caused by the Lumpy Skin Disease Virus (LSDV), a capripoxvirus. It is transmitted by biting insects such as mosquitoes, flies, and ticks. The disease is characterized by fever, nodules on the skin, enlarged lymph nodes, nasal discharge, conjunctivitis, and sometimes abortion in pregnant cows. Diagnosis is based on clinical signs, PCR, virus isolation, and serology. Control involves vaccination, vector control, movement restrictions, and culling of affected animals. LSD does not present a zoonotic concern but has significant economic impacts on the cattle industry.
• 13. Bluetongue
  • Blue Tongue is a viral disease of ruminants caused by the Blue Tongue Virus (BTV), a Reovirus. It is transmitted by Culicoides spp. midges. The disease primarily affects sheep, cattle, goats, and deer. Clinical signs include fever, excessive salivation, swelling of the face and tongue (which may appear blue), lameness, and weight loss. Diagnosis is based on clinical signs, PCR, virus isolation, and serology. Control measures include vaccination, vector control, and movement restrictions. Blue Tongue is not considered zoonotic but can cause significant morbidity and mortality in affected animal populations.
• 14. Rinderpest
  • Rinderpest, also known as cattle plague, was a highly contagious viral disease of cattle and other cloven-hoofed animals caused by the Rinderpest Virus (RPV), a morbillivirus. It was transmitted through direct contact, aerosols, and fomites. The disease was characterized by high fever, oral erosions, diarrhea, lymphoid necrosis, and high mortality rates. Rinderpest has been declared eradicated globally as of 2011 through successful vaccination and control programs. Thus, vaccination is no longer applicable, and the disease does not pose a current zoonotic concern.
• 15. Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) or Ovine Rinderpest
  • Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR), also known as Ovine Rinderpest, is a highly contagious viral disease affecting small ruminants such as sheep and goats. It is caused by the Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus (PPRV), a morbillivirus, and is transmitted through direct contact, aerosols, and fomites. The disease is characterized by fever, ocular and nasal discharge, oral lesions, diarrhea, pneumonia, and high mortality rates in young animals. Diagnosis is based on clinical signs, PCR, virus isolation, and serological tests. Control measures include vaccination, movement restrictions, quarantine of affected flocks, and culling of infected animals. PPR does not present a zoonotic concern but has significant economic impacts on small ruminant industries.
• 16. Rift Valley Fever (Zoonotic)
  • Rift Valley Fever (RVF) is a viral zoonotic disease caused by the Rift Valley Fever Virus (RVFV), a phlebovirus. It is transmitted by mosquitoes, particularly Aedes and Culex species, as well as through contact with infected animal tissues. The disease affects cattle, sheep, goats, camels, and humans. RVF is characterized by fever, hemorrhagic manifestations, ocular disease, encephalitis, and high rates of abortion in pregnant animals. Diagnosis is based on clinical signs, PCR, virus isolation, and serological assays. Control measures include mosquito control, vaccination of livestock, movement restrictions, and public health interventions to prevent human infections. Rift Valley Fever poses a significant zoonotic risk, capable of causing severe illness in humans, including hemorrhagic fever and neurological complications.
• 17. Sheep & Goat Pox
  • Sheep & Goat Pox is a viral disease caused by the Sheep Pox Virus (SPPV) and Goat Pox Virus (GTPV), both capripoxviruses. It is transmitted through direct contact, aerosols, and fomites, as well as by biting insects. The disease is characterized by fever, nodules on the skin, respiratory distress, and lymphadenopathy. Clinical signs include pustular lesions on the mucous membranes of the mouth, respiratory tract, and on the skin of the limbs and torso. Diagnosis is based on clinical signs, PCR, virus isolation, and serological tests. Control measures include vaccination, quarantine of infected animals, vector control, and movement restrictions. Sheep & Goat Pox does not present a zoonotic concern but can cause significant morbidity and mortality in affected herds.
• 18. Newcastle Disease
  • Newcastle Disease (ND) is a highly contagious viral disease of birds caused by the Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV), a paramyxovirus. It is transmitted through direct contact, aerosols, and fomites. The disease affects a wide range of bird species, including domestic poultry and wild birds. Clinical signs vary based on the virulence of the strain but generally include respiratory distress, nervous manifestations (tremors, paralysis, twisted neck), digestive disturbances, and high mortality rates in severe cases. Diagnosis is based on clinical signs, PCR, virus isolation, and serological tests. Control measures involve vaccination, biosecurity practices, quarantine of affected flocks, and culling of infected birds. Newcastle Disease does not present a significant zoonotic concern but can cause substantial economic losses in the poultry industry.
• 19. Avian Influenza (Zoonotic)
  • Avian Influenza (AI) is a viral zoonotic disease caused by Avian Influenza Viruses (AIV), which are type A influenza viruses. It is transmitted through direct contact with infected birds, aerosols, and contaminated environments. The disease affects domestic poultry and wild birds, with certain strains posing a risk to humans. Clinical signs in birds include respiratory distress, decreased egg production, swollen wattles, conjunctivitis, and high mortality rates in highly pathogenic strains. In humans, AI can cause severe respiratory illness and has pandemic potential. Diagnosis is based on clinical signs, PCR, virus isolation, and serological assays. Control measures include vaccination of poultry, culling of infected flocks, movement restrictions, and biosecurity practices. Avian Influenza is a significant zoonotic concern, particularly with highly pathogenic strains like H5N1 and H7N9, which can cause severe disease in humans.
• 20. Infectious Laryngotracheitis
  • Infectious Laryngotracheitis (ILT) is a highly contagious respiratory disease of chickens caused by the Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus (ILTV), a herpesvirus. It is transmitted through direct contact, aerosols, and fomites. The disease is characterized by acute onset of fever, dyspnea (difficulty breathing), coughing, sneezing, and mucosal lesions in the upper respiratory tract. Clinical signs include conjunctivitis, nasal discharge, and swelling of the comb and wattles. Diagnosis is based on clinical signs, PCR, virus isolation, and serological tests. Control measures include vaccination, strict biosecurity practices, and culling of infected birds. Infectious Laryngotracheitis does not present a zoonotic concern but can cause significant production losses in poultry flocks.
• 21. Camel Pox Virus
  • Camel Pox is a viral disease of camels caused by the Camel Pox Virus (CMLV), a capripoxvirus. It is transmitted through direct contact, aerosols, and fomites, as well as by biting insects. The disease is characterized by fever, nodular lesions on the skin, mucous membranes, and respiratory distress. Clinical signs include pock-like lesions on the nose, mouth, teats, and udders, along with swelling of the lymph nodes and decreased milk production. Diagnosis is based on clinical signs, PCR, virus isolation, and serological tests. Control measures include vaccination, quarantine of infected animals, vector control, and strict biosecurity practices. Camel Pox does not present a zoonotic concern but can cause significant morbidity and economic losses in camel populations.
• 22. Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (Zoonotic)
  • Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) is a viral zoonotic disease caused by the Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus (CCHFV), a nairovirus. It is transmitted by ticks, primarily Hyalomma spp., and through contact with infected animal blood or tissues. The disease affects livestock such as cattle, sheep, goats, and can also infect humans. CCHF is characterized by sudden onset of fever, myalgia, dizziness, neck pain, backache, headache, sore eyes, photophobia, and in severe cases, hemorrhagic manifestations including petechiae, ecchymosis, and bleeding from mucosal surfaces. Diagnosis is based on clinical signs, PCR, virus isolation, and serological tests. Control measures include tick control, vaccination of livestock where available, safe handling and disposal of animal products, and public health interventions to prevent human infections. Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever poses a significant zoonotic risk, causing severe hemorrhagic illness in humans with high mortality rates.

Bacterial Diseases

• 1. Glanders
  • Glanders is a contagious, acute or chronic, usually fatal disease of Equidae caused by Burkholderia mallei, a pathoadaptive clone derived from B pseudomallei - a gram negative anaerobic bacterium. it is disease characterized by the nodules in the upper respiratory tract, lungs, and skin, purulent nasal discharge, nasal mucosal ulceration, lung lesions, and ulcerating nodules along the subcutaneous lymphatics. Diagnosis is based on presence of nasal ulcers, complement fixation test reaction, positive mallein test, and culture and PCR. Control is based on isolation and culling of affected animals. This organism presents a significant zoonotic concern.
• 2. Contagious Equine Metritis
  • Taylorella equigenitalis, a Gram-negative facultative anaerobic bacterium, causes Contagious Equine Metritis (CEM). CEM is a highly contagious, acute reproductive disease affecting mares and stallions. It is transmitted primarily through artificial insemination and direct contact. The disease is characterized by acute endometritis, abnormal vaginal discharge, fever, and infertility in mares. Diagnosis is achieved through culture, PCR, and serological assays. Control measures include quarantine of affected animals, disinfection of reproductive equipment, and culling of infected stallions. There is no available vaccine for CEM, and it does not present a zoonotic risk.
• 3. Leptospirosis(Zoonotic)
  • Leptospira interrogans serovars are the causative agents of Leptospirosis, a zoonotic, acute or chronic disease affecting various animals including dogs, cattle, and rodents. It is transmitted via direct contact with infected urine or contaminated water and soil. Leptospirosis is characterized by fever, jaundice, renal dysfunction, hemorrhage, and in severe cases, death. Clinical signs vary based on the affected organ systems, including liver, kidneys, and central nervous system. Diagnosis is based on serological tests such as the Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT), PCR, and culture. Control involves vaccination, rodent control, and minimizing exposure to contaminated environments. Leptospirosis poses a significant zoonotic concern, capable of causing severe illness in humans.
• 4. Paratuberculosis
  • Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP), an acid-fast bacillus, is the causative agent of Paratuberculosis, also known as Johne’s Disease. This chronic, contagious disease primarily affects ruminants such as cattle, sheep, and goats. It is transmitted via ingestion of contaminated feed, water, or through the environment. Paratuberculosis is characterized by chronic diarrhea, weight loss, decreased milk production, and eventual death. Clinical signs include progressive emaciation, decreased appetite, and poor body condition. Diagnosis is based on fecal culture, PCR, serological assays, and histopathological examination of intestinal tissues. Control measures include testing and culling of infected animals, herd management practices to reduce transmission, and maintaining good sanitation. Paratuberculosis is not considered zoonotic but poses significant economic losses in livestock industries.
• 5. Anthrax(Zoonotic)
  • Bacillus anthracis, a Gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium, is the causative agent of Anthrax. Anthrax is an acute, highly contagious, and often fatal zoonotic disease affecting herbivorous animals such as cattle, sheep, goats, and wildlife. Transmission occurs through ingestion or inhalation of spores from contaminated soil or vegetation. Anthrax is characterized by sudden death with minimal premonitory symptoms, blood-filled blisters on the skin (cutaneous anthrax), severe respiratory distress (inhalational anthrax), and gastrointestinal symptoms (gastrointestinal anthrax). Diagnosis is confirmed through bacteriological culture, PCR, and serological tests. Control involves vaccination of livestock, proper disposal of carcasses, and implementing strict biosecurity measures. Anthrax is a significant zoonotic concern, as it can be transmitted to humans, leading to severe illness or death.
• 6. Contagious Pleuropneumonia
  • Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies mycoides, a wall-less Gram-negative bacterium, causes Contagious Pleuropneumonia (CPP). CPP is a highly contagious, acute to chronic respiratory disease of cattle. Transmission occurs via respiratory secretions and direct contact between infected and susceptible animals. The disease is characterized by fever, severe respiratory distress, coughing, nasal discharge, pleuritis, and high mortality rates in acute cases. Clinical signs include rapid onset of labored breathing, increased respiratory rate, and depression. Diagnosis is based on clinical signs, serological tests, PCR, and culture. Control measures include vaccination, quarantine of infected animals, and movement restrictions. CPP is not zoonotic but causes significant economic losses in the cattle industry.
• 7. Brucellosis(Zoonotic)
  • Brucella abortus and Brucella melitensis, Gram-negative coccobacilli, are the causative agents of Brucellosis. Brucellosis is a chronic, contagious, zoonotic disease affecting various livestock including cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs. Transmission occurs through ingestion of contaminated feed, contact with infected animals, or inhalation of aerosols. The disease is characterized by abortion, infertility, orchitis in males, and arthritis. Infected animals may show intermittent fever, lethargy, and decreased milk production. Diagnosis is performed using serological tests such as the Rose Bengal Test, Complement Fixation Test, PCR, and culture. Control measures involve vaccination, test-and-slaughter programs, and implementing biosecurity measures. Brucellosis poses a significant zoonotic risk, capable of causing undulant fever in humans.
• 8. Tuberculosis(Zoonotic) - Paratuberculosis
  • Mycobacterium bovis, an acid-fast bacillus, is the causative agent of Tuberculosis (TB). TB is a chronic, contagious, and zoonotic disease primarily affecting cattle, deer, and other mammals, including humans. Transmission occurs through inhalation or ingestion of contaminated materials. In animals, TB is characterized by weight loss, chronic cough, lethargy, and emaciation. Infected animals may also exhibit decreased milk production and poor body condition. Diagnosis is based on skin tests (such as the tuberculin test), culture, PCR, and histopathological examination. Control measures include test-and-slaughter policies, vaccination (where applicable), and strict movement controls. Tuberculosis is a significant zoonotic concern, as it can cause severe respiratory illness in humans.
• 9. Fowl Cholera
  • Pasteurella multocida, a Gram-negative facultative anaerobic bacterium, is the causative agent of Fowl Cholera. Fowl Cholera is an acute, highly contagious bacterial disease of poultry. Transmission occurs through direct contact with infected birds, contaminated environments, or carriers. The disease is characterized by sudden death, respiratory distress, swollen wattles, nasal discharge, swollen joints, and sinuses. Clinical signs include respiratory distress, difficulty breathing, and sudden mortality spikes in flocks. Diagnosis is based on clinical signs, bacteriological culture, PCR, and serological tests. Control measures involve good hygiene practices, vaccination, and culling of affected flocks. Fowl Cholera poses a significant economic threat to the poultry industry but is not considered zoonotic.
• 10. Fowl Typhoid
  • Salmonella gallinarum, a Gram-negative facultative intracellular bacterium, causes Fowl Typhoid. Fowl Typhoid is a systemic, contagious bacterial disease of poultry. Transmission occurs through ingestion of contaminated feed, water, or feces. The disease is characterized by septicemia, high mortality rates, enlarged spleen and liver, airsacculitis, and diarrhea. Clinical signs include lethargy, ruffled feathers, decreased egg production, and sudden death in severe cases. Diagnosis is performed through bacteriological culture, PCR, and serological tests. Control measures include biosecurity measures, vaccination, and culling of infected birds. Fowl Typhoid is not zoonotic but can cause significant losses in poultry populations.
• 11. Q Fever (Zoonotic)
  • Salmonella gallinarum, a Gram-negative facultative intracellular bacterium, causes Fowl Typhoid. Fowl Typhoid is a systemic, contagious bacterial disease of poultry. Transmission occurs through ingestion of contaminated feed, water, or feces. The disease is characterized by septicemia, high mortality rates, enlarged spleen and liver, airsacculitis, and diarrhea. Clinical signs include lethargy, ruffled feathers, decreased egg production, and sudden death in severe cases. Diagnosis is performed through bacteriological culture, PCR, and serological tests. Control measures include biosecurity measures, vaccination, and culling of infected birds. Fowl Typhoid is not zoonotic but can cause significant losses in poultry populations.

• Parasitic Diseases

  • 1. Dourine
    • Trypanosoma equiperdum, a protozoan parasite, is transmitted sexually or through contaminated instruments. It is a sexually transmitted disease in horses characterized by progressive neurological degeneration, swelling of the genitalia, weakness, and eventual emaciation. No vaccine is available.
  • 2. Surra(Trypanosoma evansi)
    • Surra (Trypanosoma evansi): Trypanosoma evansi, a protozoan parasite, is transmitted by biting flies such as Tabanidae. Surra affects various animals including camels, horses, and cattle, leading to intermittent fever, anemia, edema, weakness, and sometimes sudden death. No widely available vaccine exists.
  • 3. Screwworm
    • The screwworm is caused by the larvae of the Cochliomyia hominivorax fly, a parasitic species transmitted through open wounds or mucous membranes. It infests live tissues, causing painful, oozing wounds, tissue destruction, and secondary bacterial infections. No vaccine is available.
  • 4. Leishmaniosisin Canines (Zoonotic)
    • Leishmania species, protozoan parasites, are transmitted by sandflies (Phlebotomus spp.). This zoonotic disease in canines presents symptoms such as skin lesions, hair loss, weight loss, enlarged lymph nodes, anemia, and kidney dysfunction. Vaccines are available for dogs in some regions, but no vaccine exists for humans.

• Prion Diseases

  • 1. Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE)
    • caused by Prion proteins (PrP^Sc) , Neurodegenerative disease in cattle causing abnormal behavior, loss of coordination, difficulty standing, and death.
  • 2. Scrapie
    • caused by Prion proteins (PrP^Sc) , Intense itching (pruritus), behavioral changes, loss of coordination, tremors, and progressive paralysis in sheep and goats.